Stage 1Orientation0%
Understand the official syllabus, paper structure, marks and preparation resources.
Stage 2Foundation0%
Build the concepts, terminology and prerequisite knowledge needed for the subject.
Stage 3Official Syllabus Coverage0%
Cover every official FPSC topic in a practical sequence.
Stage 4Consolidation0%
Prepare short notes, comparisons, evidence, diagrams, facts, formulas or timelines.
Stage 5Exam Application0%
Apply knowledge through the paper-specific practice format.
Stage 6Past Papers0%
Attempt topic-wise and full-length past-paper practice.
Stage 7Revision and Mock Examination0%
Complete layered revision, weak-area review and a timed mock paper.
Paper 1 · 100 marks
Subject overview
principle, wave functions and Born interpretation of wave functions, probability density, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Hamiltonian operator, Schrödinger wave equation and its solution for particle in one and three dimensional box.
Atomic Structure and Quantum Chemistry
Electromagnetic spectrum, photoelectric effect, Bohr’s atomic model, wave and
Electrochemistry
Ions in solution, measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s law, mobility of ions and transport number, conductometric titrations, Debye -Hückel theory and activity coefficient, determination of activities, Redox reactions, spontaneous reactions, electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, liquid junction potential, electrochemical series, Nernst’s equation, measurement of pH, electrolytic cells, potentiometry, reference and indicator electrodes, fuel cells, corrosion and its prevention.
Thermodynamics
Equation of states, ideal and real gases, the Van der Waals equation for real gases, critical phenomena and critical constants, four laws of thermodynamics and their applications, thermochemistry, calorimetry, heat capacities and their dependence on temperature, pressure and volume, reversible and non -reversible process es, spontaneous and non -spontaneous processes, Hess’s law, The Born -Haber cycle, relations of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constant, Gibbs Helmholtz equation, fugacity and activity.
Chemical Kinetics
The rate and molecularity of reactions , Factors affecting rate of a chemical reaction, zero, first, second and third order reactions with same initial concentrations, half - lives of reactions, experimental techniques for determination of order of reaction (integration, half -life, initial rate and graphical methods), collision theory, transition state theory, Arrhenius equation and rate equations of complex reactions.
Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
Properties of liquids, physical and chemical properties of surface, determination of surface are a. Adsorption and absorption; physical adsorption and chemisorption, adsorption isotherms, Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Fr eundlich Adsorption isotherm. Colloids; properties, classification and preparation of colloidal systems. Surfactants, Phase rule; Gibbs equation of phase rule, one component systems, two component systems and their examples, Catalysis; homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid-base and enzyme catalysis.
Fundamentals of Chemometrics
Sampling, significant figures, stoichiometric calculations, measurement errors, analysis of variance (ANOVA), arithmetic mean, median, mode, standard deviation/relative standard deviation, confidence limits, Gaussian distribution, least square method, Statistical tests.
Separation Methods
Solvent ext raction; theory of solvent extraction; solvent extraction of metals, analytical separations, multiple batch extraction and counter current distribution. Chromatography; theory of chromatography, classification and overview of chromatographic techniques (p aper, thin layer, column and ion exchange chromatographies). Principle of electrophoresis and its application as separation and characterization of proteins.
Basic Inorganic Chemistry
Types of chemical bonding, ionic and covalent bonding, localized bond ap proach, theories of chemical bonding, valance bond theory (VBT), hybridization and resonance, prediction of molecular shapes using valence -shell electron -pair repulsion (VSEPR) model, Molecular orbital theory (MOT) applied to diatomic molecules, delocalize d approach to bonding, bonding in electron deficient compounds, hydrogen bonding, Physical and chemical properties of p -block elements with emphasis on oxygen, carbon, chlorine, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus and some of their representative compounds.
Acids and Bases
Brief concepts of chemical equilibrium, acid –base theories including soft and hard acid and base (SHAB) concept, relative strength of acids and bases, significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffer solutions. Theory of indicators, solubility, solubil ity product, common ion effect and their industrial applications.
Chemistry of d and f-block elements
General characteristics of d -block elements, historical back ground of coordination chemistry, nomenclature and structure of coordination complexes with c oordination number 2 -10, Chelates and chelate effect. Theories of coordination complexes; Werner's theory, Valence bond theory (VBT), Crystal field theory (CFT) and Molecular orbital theory (MOT). Jahn -Teller theorem, magnetic properties, spectral properties, isomerism, stereochemistry and stability constants of coordination complexes. General characteristics of Lanthanides, occurrence, extraction and general principles of separation, electronic structure and position in the periodic table, lanthanide contraction, oxidation states, spectral and magnetic properties and uses. General characteristics of actinides, electronic structure, oxidation state and position in the periodic table, half-life and decay law.
Paper 2 · 100 marks
Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry
Bonding and orbital hybridization, Localized and delocalized bonding, Inductive effect, Dipole moment, Resonance, Hyperconjugation.
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Nomenclature, Physical properties, Preparation and reactions of alkanes, alken es and alkynes.
Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds
Benzene structure, Aromaticity, Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction, Activating and deactivating substituents, Effect of substituents on orientation and reactivity.
Chemistry of Functional Groups
Preparation and properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, and amines with focus on reaction mechanism and applications. Preparation and reactions of alkyl halides. Synthetic applications of Grignard reagent. Carbonyl compounds, preparations and reaction mechanism of aldehydes and ketones and their applications. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives, acidity of carboxylic acids and effect of substituents on their acidity, preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives including acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters and amides.
Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions
Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions. Elimination reactions, Zaitsev rule and Hofmann rule. Competition between Substitution and elimination reactions.
Stereochemistry
Molecular chirality.Types of stereoisomers. R ,S configuration and E ,Z designation. Optical activity, Stereoselectivity and stereospecificity. Resolution of racemic mixtures.
Organic Spectroscopy
Theory, Principle , instrument ation and applications of UV/Visible, 1H NMR, IR spectroscopy and Mass spectroscopic techniques.
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates; Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, biological functions of starch, glycogen, cellulose, and cell wall polysaccharides. Lipids; Classification and biological importance of lipids. Significance of lipids in biological membranes and transport mechanism. Amino Acids; Classification of amino acids. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids. Biological significance. Proteins; Classification. Properties and biological significance. Primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary structures. Nucleic Acids; Chemical composition of nucleic acids. Structure and biological significance of nucleic acids. Enzymes; Enzyme -substrate interactions and nature of active site, mechanism of enzyme action, kinetics of single substrate reactions, enzyme inhibition, regulatory enzymes and allosteric enzymes.
Metabolism
Digestion; absorption and transport of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Glycolysis; citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and photosynthesis. Biosynthesis of triglycerides, phosphides, steroids and bile acids and ketone bodies. Biochemical reaction of amino acids: decarboxylation, deamination, transamination and transmethylation, etc., urea cycle, creatine and uric acid synthesis. Catabolism of nucleosides, DNA polymerases and other enzymes involves in metabolism.
Chemical Industries
Manufacturing and processing of sugar, cement, glass, paper, fertilizers, soap and detergents.
- Suggested ReadingsPhysical Chemistry, 4th ed., 2005 Silbey, R. J., Alberty, R. A., and Bawendi, M. G.
- Suggested ReadingsPhysical Chemistry – A Molecular Approach, 1st ed. 1997 McQuarrie, D. A. and Simon, J. D.
- Suggested ReadingsAtkin’s Physical Chemistry, 9th ed. 2010 Atkins, P. and Paula, J. D.
- Suggested ReadingsPhysical Chemistry, 4th ed. 1972 Moore. W. J.
- Suggested ReadingsModern Analytical Chemistry, 2000 Harvey, D.
- Suggested ReadingsQuantitative Chemical Analysis, 8th ed. Harris, D.C.,
- Suggested ReadingsAnalytical Chemistry. 6th ed., 2006 Christian, G. D.
- Suggested ReadingsCHEMOMETRICS-Statistics and Computed applications in Analytical Chemistry, 2nd ed., 2007 Matthios, O.
- Suggested ReadingsStatistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, 5th ed. 2005 Miller, J. and Miller, J
- Suggested ReadingsSeparation Chemistry 2004 Budhiraja, R.P
- Suggested ReadingsAdvanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed. 2007 Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson, G.
- Suggested ReadingsInorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. 2010 Miessler, G. L. and Tarr, D.A.
- Suggested ReadingsInorganic Chemistry, 5th ed. 2010 Shriver, D. and Atkins, P.
- Suggested ReadingsTextbook of Inorganic Chemistry 2013 Chaudhary, S. U.
- Suggested ReadingsOrganic Chemistry, 10th ed. 2011 Solomons, T. W. G., and Fryhle, C. B.
- Suggested ReadingsOrganic Chemistry, 6th ed. 2012 Brown, W . H., Fotte, C. S., Iverson,B.L. and Anslyn, E. V.
- Suggested ReadingsOrganic Chemistry, 8th ed. 2012 John, E. M.
- Suggested ReadingsIntroduction to Spectroscopy, 4th ed., 2009 Pavia, D. L.,Lampman, G. M., Kriz,G.S. and Vyvyan, J. R.,
- Suggested ReadingsSpectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds 2005 Silverstein, R. M. Webster, F. X. and Kiemle, D.
- Suggested ReadingsOrganic Spectroscopy 2006 Younas, M.
- Suggested ReadingsStereochemistry (Basic Concepts in Chemistry) 2002 Morris, D. G.
- Suggested ReadingsShreve's Chemical Process Industries, 5th ed. 1984 Shreve, R. N. and Austin, G. T.
- Suggested ReadingsRiegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry Riegel, E. R., and Kent, J. A.
My Subjects
Stage 1Orientation0%
Understand the official syllabus, paper structure, marks and preparation resources.
Stage 2Foundation0%
Build the concepts, terminology and prerequisite knowledge needed for the subject.
Stage 3Official Syllabus Coverage0%
Cover every official FPSC topic in a practical sequence.
Stage 4Consolidation0%
Prepare short notes, comparisons, evidence, diagrams, facts, formulas or timelines.
Stage 5Exam Application0%
Apply knowledge through the paper-specific practice format.
Stage 6Past Papers0%
Attempt topic-wise and full-length past-paper practice.
Stage 7Revision and Mock Examination0%
Complete layered revision, weak-area review and a timed mock paper.
Paper 1 · 100 marks
Subject overview
principle, wave functions and Born interpretation of wave functions, probability density, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Hamiltonian operator, Schrödinger wave equation and its solution for particle in one and three dimensional box.
Atomic Structure and Quantum Chemistry
Electromagnetic spectrum, photoelectric effect, Bohr’s atomic model, wave and
Electrochemistry
Ions in solution, measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s law, mobility of ions and transport number, conductometric titrations, Debye -Hückel theory and activity coefficient, determination of activities, Redox reactions, spontaneous reactions, electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, liquid junction potential, electrochemical series, Nernst’s equation, measurement of pH, electrolytic cells, potentiometry, reference and indicator electrodes, fuel cells, corrosion and its prevention.
Thermodynamics
Equation of states, ideal and real gases, the Van der Waals equation for real gases, critical phenomena and critical constants, four laws of thermodynamics and their applications, thermochemistry, calorimetry, heat capacities and their dependence on temperature, pressure and volume, reversible and non -reversible process es, spontaneous and non -spontaneous processes, Hess’s law, The Born -Haber cycle, relations of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constant, Gibbs Helmholtz equation, fugacity and activity.
Chemical Kinetics
The rate and molecularity of reactions , Factors affecting rate of a chemical reaction, zero, first, second and third order reactions with same initial concentrations, half - lives of reactions, experimental techniques for determination of order of reaction (integration, half -life, initial rate and graphical methods), collision theory, transition state theory, Arrhenius equation and rate equations of complex reactions.
Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
Properties of liquids, physical and chemical properties of surface, determination of surface are a. Adsorption and absorption; physical adsorption and chemisorption, adsorption isotherms, Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Fr eundlich Adsorption isotherm. Colloids; properties, classification and preparation of colloidal systems. Surfactants, Phase rule; Gibbs equation of phase rule, one component systems, two component systems and their examples, Catalysis; homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid-base and enzyme catalysis.
Fundamentals of Chemometrics
Sampling, significant figures, stoichiometric calculations, measurement errors, analysis of variance (ANOVA), arithmetic mean, median, mode, standard deviation/relative standard deviation, confidence limits, Gaussian distribution, least square method, Statistical tests.
Separation Methods
Solvent ext raction; theory of solvent extraction; solvent extraction of metals, analytical separations, multiple batch extraction and counter current distribution. Chromatography; theory of chromatography, classification and overview of chromatographic techniques (p aper, thin layer, column and ion exchange chromatographies). Principle of electrophoresis and its application as separation and characterization of proteins.
Basic Inorganic Chemistry
Types of chemical bonding, ionic and covalent bonding, localized bond ap proach, theories of chemical bonding, valance bond theory (VBT), hybridization and resonance, prediction of molecular shapes using valence -shell electron -pair repulsion (VSEPR) model, Molecular orbital theory (MOT) applied to diatomic molecules, delocalize d approach to bonding, bonding in electron deficient compounds, hydrogen bonding, Physical and chemical properties of p -block elements with emphasis on oxygen, carbon, chlorine, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus and some of their representative compounds.
Acids and Bases
Brief concepts of chemical equilibrium, acid –base theories including soft and hard acid and base (SHAB) concept, relative strength of acids and bases, significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffer solutions. Theory of indicators, solubility, solubil ity product, common ion effect and their industrial applications.
Chemistry of d and f-block elements
General characteristics of d -block elements, historical back ground of coordination chemistry, nomenclature and structure of coordination complexes with c oordination number 2 -10, Chelates and chelate effect. Theories of coordination complexes; Werner's theory, Valence bond theory (VBT), Crystal field theory (CFT) and Molecular orbital theory (MOT). Jahn -Teller theorem, magnetic properties, spectral properties, isomerism, stereochemistry and stability constants of coordination complexes. General characteristics of Lanthanides, occurrence, extraction and general principles of separation, electronic structure and position in the periodic table, lanthanide contraction, oxidation states, spectral and magnetic properties and uses. General characteristics of actinides, electronic structure, oxidation state and position in the periodic table, half-life and decay law.
Paper 2 · 100 marks
Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry
Bonding and orbital hybridization, Localized and delocalized bonding, Inductive effect, Dipole moment, Resonance, Hyperconjugation.
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Nomenclature, Physical properties, Preparation and reactions of alkanes, alken es and alkynes.
Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds
Benzene structure, Aromaticity, Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction, Activating and deactivating substituents, Effect of substituents on orientation and reactivity.
Chemistry of Functional Groups
Preparation and properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, and amines with focus on reaction mechanism and applications. Preparation and reactions of alkyl halides. Synthetic applications of Grignard reagent. Carbonyl compounds, preparations and reaction mechanism of aldehydes and ketones and their applications. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives, acidity of carboxylic acids and effect of substituents on their acidity, preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives including acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters and amides.
Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions
Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions. Elimination reactions, Zaitsev rule and Hofmann rule. Competition between Substitution and elimination reactions.
Stereochemistry
Molecular chirality.Types of stereoisomers. R ,S configuration and E ,Z designation. Optical activity, Stereoselectivity and stereospecificity. Resolution of racemic mixtures.
Organic Spectroscopy
Theory, Principle , instrument ation and applications of UV/Visible, 1H NMR, IR spectroscopy and Mass spectroscopic techniques.
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates; Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, biological functions of starch, glycogen, cellulose, and cell wall polysaccharides. Lipids; Classification and biological importance of lipids. Significance of lipids in biological membranes and transport mechanism. Amino Acids; Classification of amino acids. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids. Biological significance. Proteins; Classification. Properties and biological significance. Primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary structures. Nucleic Acids; Chemical composition of nucleic acids. Structure and biological significance of nucleic acids. Enzymes; Enzyme -substrate interactions and nature of active site, mechanism of enzyme action, kinetics of single substrate reactions, enzyme inhibition, regulatory enzymes and allosteric enzymes.
Metabolism
Digestion; absorption and transport of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Glycolysis; citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and photosynthesis. Biosynthesis of triglycerides, phosphides, steroids and bile acids and ketone bodies. Biochemical reaction of amino acids: decarboxylation, deamination, transamination and transmethylation, etc., urea cycle, creatine and uric acid synthesis. Catabolism of nucleosides, DNA polymerases and other enzymes involves in metabolism.
Chemical Industries
Manufacturing and processing of sugar, cement, glass, paper, fertilizers, soap and detergents.
- Suggested ReadingsPhysical Chemistry, 4th ed., 2005 Silbey, R. J., Alberty, R. A., and Bawendi, M. G.
- Suggested ReadingsPhysical Chemistry – A Molecular Approach, 1st ed. 1997 McQuarrie, D. A. and Simon, J. D.
- Suggested ReadingsAtkin’s Physical Chemistry, 9th ed. 2010 Atkins, P. and Paula, J. D.
- Suggested ReadingsPhysical Chemistry, 4th ed. 1972 Moore. W. J.
- Suggested ReadingsModern Analytical Chemistry, 2000 Harvey, D.
- Suggested ReadingsQuantitative Chemical Analysis, 8th ed. Harris, D.C.,
- Suggested ReadingsAnalytical Chemistry. 6th ed., 2006 Christian, G. D.
- Suggested ReadingsCHEMOMETRICS-Statistics and Computed applications in Analytical Chemistry, 2nd ed., 2007 Matthios, O.
- Suggested ReadingsStatistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, 5th ed. 2005 Miller, J. and Miller, J
- Suggested ReadingsSeparation Chemistry 2004 Budhiraja, R.P
- Suggested ReadingsAdvanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed. 2007 Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson, G.
- Suggested ReadingsInorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. 2010 Miessler, G. L. and Tarr, D.A.
- Suggested ReadingsInorganic Chemistry, 5th ed. 2010 Shriver, D. and Atkins, P.
- Suggested ReadingsTextbook of Inorganic Chemistry 2013 Chaudhary, S. U.
- Suggested ReadingsOrganic Chemistry, 10th ed. 2011 Solomons, T. W. G., and Fryhle, C. B.
- Suggested ReadingsOrganic Chemistry, 6th ed. 2012 Brown, W . H., Fotte, C. S., Iverson,B.L. and Anslyn, E. V.
- Suggested ReadingsOrganic Chemistry, 8th ed. 2012 John, E. M.
- Suggested ReadingsIntroduction to Spectroscopy, 4th ed., 2009 Pavia, D. L.,Lampman, G. M., Kriz,G.S. and Vyvyan, J. R.,
- Suggested ReadingsSpectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds 2005 Silverstein, R. M. Webster, F. X. and Kiemle, D.
- Suggested ReadingsOrganic Spectroscopy 2006 Younas, M.
- Suggested ReadingsStereochemistry (Basic Concepts in Chemistry) 2002 Morris, D. G.
- Suggested ReadingsShreve's Chemical Process Industries, 5th ed. 1984 Shreve, R. N. and Austin, G. T.
- Suggested ReadingsRiegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry Riegel, E. R., and Kent, J. A.